Paper 1

African Dance: The Continuity of Change
Judith Hanna

1. Are African dance styles similar throughout the continent? 165
No they vary enormously

2. How is dance defined according to Judith Hanna? 165
Dance is composed of purposefully, intentionally, rhythmical, and culturally patterned sequences of nonverbal body movements and gestures that have inherent value

3. Is dance in Africa usually art for its own sake? 165
Until recently, dance was rarely art for its own sake; it was rather art for life’s sake

4. What does Judith Hanna mean when she describes African dance as cultural, social, and communicative? 165-166
Dance has powerful communication potential as it refers to things outside itself, evoking associations about ideas, feelings, and physical things

5. How did Christian missionaries view African dance? 166
Viewed as licentious, bestial display within the “civilized” Victorian standards of 19th and 20th centuries.

6. How have African leaders used dance since independence? 167
Used for national interest, and sometimes for their personal political purposes

7. What impact does dance have on occupational behavior in some parts of Africa? 168
Dances serve as media to give work instruction and provide practice in the various required movements, strengthen muscles used in the work, and develop endurance

8. What role does dance play in African worship? 169
Considered the medium for conducting supernatural beneficence

9. What are war dances now used for? 171
To recount history and proclaim national identity

10. How has the Commander of the army in Uganda used dance? 172
He used it as a medium for members of diverse tribes, civilians and soldiers, educated and illiterate to get to know each other and forge a national identity and pride

Ritual and drama in Africa
Anthony Graham-White

1. What is the urgent need for men directly involved in procuring the means of subsistence? 339
Through hunting or cultivating, some control...